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Ambient air in urban environments is overloaded with all kind of particles and other toxic substance: natural and manmade, solid and volatile, soluble and insoluble, some are ultrafine and some – by far not all - are highly toxic. We have to discriminate, detect the sources of the most dangerous ones and eliminate them by setting the correct metrics, monitor correctly and use best available technology for mitigation measures for each of them.
Health research has concluded that particle size is very important for lung uptake and organ translocation and has pinpointed engine emitted particles since they are nanosize, rather insoluble, coated with PAH and metals and appear in high concentrations - WHO has classified Diesel engine exhaust “carcinogenic class 1”. Those engines emit solid “soot” particles and other toxic substances – which of them are carcinogens? WHO does not specify. Is it BC or PAH or Metals and do we define it correctly by mass PM?
Even at very high concentration (PN >  10⁸ P/cc or 10¹⁴ P/km) these solid particles emitted by diesel and Petrol engines in the size range of 10-300 nm however contribute very little to particle mass PM. Therefore we needed a more sensitive metric for vehicle homologation and control of modern engines  - at least this step is successfully completed with Euro VI and NRMM in Europe, not in the US. So we can no longer compare engine emission quality between Europe and the US
But even worse: ambient air quality control is lagging behind with outdated definitions like PM10 and PM2.5, which are neither taking into account the importance of particle size nor the fact of different toxicity of contained substances nor are they able to correlate air pollution by carcinogenic solid nanoparticles to combustion engine emissions and are thus not supporting any specific mitigation measures – cannot even predict climate effects although is it known that black soot climate effect is 600’000 times higher than CO₂ by unit mass.
Finally we also need to talk on NOx,NO/NO2 definition differences, SO2/SO3, HC-definitions, and missing limits for highly toxic trace elements like Dioxins, Furans, PAH and Nitro PAH besides measurement protocols which might characterize a certain emission source under well defined operation criteria but have no meaning for air pollution under real world conditions.
This anachronistic discrepancy is not only misleading the health effect research but also policy makers and the industry. The problem however is, that hundreds of epidemiologic studies still correlate PM-data with different health effects and these studies, which should be classified “outdated” are in fact still regarded to be sacrosanct by existence by the health effect society.