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Electricity can also be stored in the form of energy from chemical fuel. This technology uses electricity from renewable sources or surplus energy to produce hydrogen by means of electrolysis. This process takes place mainly in polymer or alkaline cells. The high-purity hydrogen obtained using this technology can subsequently be used as a raw material for power-to-gas or power-to-liquid synthesis. One interesting solution in gas or liquid fuel storage technologies may be the use of solid oxide fuel cells using the direct conversion of CO₂ and H₂O to synthesis gas (H₂+CO) at 800–900ºC. Compared to low-temperature electrodes, solid oxide fuel cells are characterised by significantly lower operating voltages, which greatly reduce demand for electricity and hence lower the cost of hydrogen production. In addition, a solid oxide fuel cell can easily be connected to a methane reactor or a reactor for other fuels (methyl or ethyl alcohol, dimethyl ether, etc.), which can then be applied in different areas of the transport and chemical industries. In this paper, selected technical and economic problems of the co-electrolysis of H₂O and CO₂ in renewable solid oxide fuel cells were analysed. Special attention was paid to the potential for using waste CO₂ from various industries.

This paper was produced within the framework of the KIC InnoEnergy MINERVE Project: ‘Management of Intermittent & Nuclear Electricity by high efficiency electrochemical Reactor for the Valorisation of CO₂ in flexible Energies’, financed in the years 2012–15.