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The increasing environmental and economic awareness of the consumer requires a further reduction of fuel consumption. Current and future legislations for the certification of vehicles, e.g. about particulate matter or NOx emission, will be based closer on the actual driving behaviour of the end user. The fast optical indication gives deeper insight into the complex combustion process, especially at transient engine conditions under real driving operation. High-speed endoscopic imaging of the injection spray and the luminous emissions of soot under certain engine conditions will be described. Image analysis of high-speed cinematography reveals quantitative data, such as spray geometry, flame propagation speed, soot temperature and concentration. To receive further information about crank angle resolved transient behaviour of the air/fuel-ratio or the EGR rate an optical in-cylinder probe is applied. Here, the measurement technique is implemented in a modified spark plug, so no engine modifications are needed.